The following courses/workshops, in full or in parts, have been tought for geology students and professional geologists in person/online for a number of Universities and companies, including:
- Kazakhstan, Almaty - KAZZINC (Glencore) - including field workshops
- Mexico, Nuevo Leon - Universidad Tecnológica Linares
- Colombia, Bogota - Universidad de los Andes
- Colombia, Santander - Alicanto Mining
- Colombia, Sector Resources
FUNDAMENTALS OF STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND STRUCTURAL-PARAGENETIC ANALYSIS.
The proposed course of lectures and practical classes 5 days. Course plan: 4 days of lectures, 1 day of practical training. DAY 1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF CONTINUUM MECHANICS USED IN STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY. MAIN TYPES OF SYMMETRY OF DEFORMATION STRUCTURES AND METHODS OF THEIR VISUALIZATION. Lecture 1. Stresses and deformations from the perspective of continuum mechanics. Stress/Strain – basic definitions. Mohr's circles for visualizing a tense state. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional deformations, rotation. Deformation measurement. Visualization of the deformation ellipsoid - Flynn diagrams. Lecture 2. Elastic, plastic deformation, fracturing and rapture. Connected (without volume change) deformations and deformations with dilatation. Rheology - types (models) of deformation behavior of solids. The concept of hardening and softening. Homogeneous and heterogeneous deformations, deformation domains ( strain partitioning ) Lecture 3. Basic types of symmetry of deformation structures/textures – linear, planar, linear-planar, folded, superimposed deformation structures. Measuring deformation elements. Measurement techniques. Measuring tools. Lecture 4. Practical skills in measurement and visualization. Stereograms / stereo projections as a way to visualize measured elements (linear and planar) - theory, reading and construction skills. DAY 2. CHANGE OF STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY PARADIGM: HETEROGENEITY AND HIERARCHICALITY OF THE STRUCTUREs IN THE GEOLOGICAL MEDIUM. HETEROGENEOUS STRESS FIELDS AND DEFORMATION FIELDS. Lecture 5. Prerequisites for a paradigm shift in structural geology. Limitations of the single-scale approach and disadvantages of the continuum mechanics approach. Multicomponent medium. Development of mechanics of a medium with structure. Development of structural-paragenetic analysis. Lecture 6. Heterogeneities - types, distribution. Stress concentrators. Types of stress concentrators are the basis for the classification of primary ( pre-deformation ) structures. A hierarchical approach to the identification and study of primary structures, deformation structures and structural parageneses . Primary structures of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks at the intragranular level, the level of mineral grains, the level of grain aggregates, layers and blocks. External factors influencing the origin of structures. Model of random distribution of grains, results of simple computer simulation. Formation of inhomogeneities at the level of layers and packs of layers. Natural geological bodies - blocks and their ensembles. Lecture 7. Stress fields in structures of various types and the occurrence of diffusion and filtration mass flows . Stress field of the level of grains and aggregates: types of grain boundaries. Types of stress fields, intensity and direction of mass flows of matter. The concept of mechanically equilibrium and nonequilibrium structures. Stress field at the level of layers and packs of layers. Stress field at the level of blocks and ensembles of blocks. Stress field of a hierarchically constructed system. Lecture 8. Mechanisms of stress (strain) relaxation at different structural levels. Mechanisms of coherent deformation at grain levels and grain aggregates. Intragranular and boundary-grain mechanisms at low homologous temperatures. Dislocation glide, twinning. Recrystallization. Dissolution under pressure (compression creep). Interaction of various deformation mechanisms. Prospects for the development of staged analysis of deformation and stress analysis. Internal grain and grain boundary mechanisms at high homologous temperatures. Maps of deformation mechanisms. Intergranular mechanisms of plastic deformation. DAY 3. HETEROGENEITY AND HIERARCHICALITY OF THE STRUCTUREs OF THE GEOLOGICAL MEDIUM, STRESS FIELDS AND DEFORMATION FIELDS. STRUCTURAL - NEW PARADIGM: PARAGENETIC APPROACH. Lecture 9. Mechanisms of deformation at the level of layers and layered strata. Mechanisms of deformation of the level of blocks and ensembles of blocks. Fracture at high structural levels as a mechanism of plasticity at lower structural and levels. Pre-bending deformations. Active and passive folding at the bending stage. Stage of general flattening. Problems of interpretation of folded structures. “Non-mechanical” mechanisms of tectonic deformation. Exogenesis and sedimentogenesis. Metamorphism. Magmatism. Interaction of deformation mechanisms at different levels - structural parageneses. Lecture 10 - 11. STRUCTURAL - PARAGENETIC ANALYSIS . Structures and structural parageneses that develop during deformation of rocks at different structural levels. Intragrain level, level of grains and grain aggregates. Modern state and development of structural paragenetic analysis. Deformation structures and structural parageneses at the intragranular level. Deformation structures and structural parageneses of the level of grains and grain aggregates: a) at low temperatures - cleavage, mineral veins, pressure shadows and growth beards, mullion structures, breccia structures and low-temperature mylonites and cataclasites, b) at high temperatures - mylonites , cataclasites, blastomylonites . Lecture 12. Structures and structural parageneses that develop during deformation of rocks at different structural levels. Deformation structures and structural parageneses of the level of layers and packs of layers, blocks DAY 4. STRUCTURAL - PARAGENETIC ANALYSIS - continued. Lecture 13 - 14. Classification of structures and structural parageneses . Separation of structures and parageneses by types of deformation processes. Structures and structural parageneses formed in different R-T conditions. Types of structures and parageneses according to the nature of distribution within the study volume. Structures and structural parageneses separated on the basis of temporal correlations. Parageneses of different mechanical environments. The concept of structural paragenetic series. SP series of different geodynamic settings. Fluids and tectonic deformations of different structural levels. Composition and other chemical characteristics of the fluid. Forms of fluid occurrence in the earth's crust. Fluid mass flows and deformation. Fluid-rock interaction. Mechanical effects of fluid on deformation. The role of fluids in the formation of co- clival structural parageneses at the levels of grains - aggregates of grains - layers and units of layers. The influence of deformation and fluid mass transfer on changes in the isotopic composition of radiogenic elements - the first data. Lecture 15 - 16. Deformation structures and structural parageneses at different structural levels - new methods and their application to geodynamic evolution of rock complexes. New requirements for structural analysis from the standpoint of a hierarchical structural paragenetic approach. Deformation measurement. Study of a complex of structures. Taking into account deformations of different structural levels and heterogeneity of deformation distribution. Estimation of the volumetric effect of deformation and substance transfer distances. On the relationship between the sizes of tectonic structures and the parameters of external influences. Subgrain and recrystallized grain sizes as paleopiezometers . Folds. Delensing and boudinage structures . Scaling analysis. Stress analysis (study of paleostresses ). Common methods. Method of K.J. Rove and E.H. Ruttera . Method of W.R. Jamison and J. Spang . Etchecopar inversion method . Comparison of definitions by different methods. Using maps of deformation mechanisms. Uncertainties and assumptions of stress analysis. Tectonic modeling in structural paragenetic analysis. Modeling of deformations at the level of grains and aggregates of grains, layers and packs of layers, blocks and ensembles of blocks. Application of modeling to solve regional tectonic and seismotectonic problems. DAY 5. APPLICATION OF STRUCTURAL - PARAGENETIC APPROACH IN DESCRIBING, STUDYING AND INTERPRETING DRILLCORE – UNORIENTED AND ORIENTED. Duration: one day. Brief lecture introduction - using interior angles (alpha and beta), using ROCKET LAUNCHER , REFLEX - IQ - LOGGER , use of photographs. Practice with real core. |
LOGGING ORIENTED AND UNORIENTED DRILLCORE
The proposed course of lectures (1 day) and practical classes (1 day). It is advisable to complete the course with a small project in the core-shack (1 day). Total - 3 days TOPICS TO CONSIDER:
REMOTE EXPLORATION TECHIQUE FROM
"A" TO "Z" - METHOD FOR TARGETING MINERAL DEPOSITS The proposed course of lectures and practical classes. Total - 3 days PART I Day 1
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